The reproduction of fruit plants is the production of new offspring from the fruit plants. There are two types of reproduction in the fruit plants. They are:
1. Reproduction from seeds and
2. Vegetative reproduction
1. Reproduction from the Seeds
The full-grown fruit contains seeds or stone inside it. When the seeds collected from the full-grown fruits åre germinated in the nursery or plastic bag, it becomes seedling.
It is easier and inexpensive to reproduce from the seeds. There are two types of seeds: monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. Banana, pineapple, sugar cane, coconut, etc contain the monocotyledonous seeds whereas the fruits like lemon, mango, orange, apple, pear, etc contain the dicotyledonous seeds.
It is easier and inexpensive to reproduce from the seeds. There are two types of seeds: monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous. Banana, pineapple, sugar cane, coconut, etc contain the monocotyledonous seeds whereas the fruits like lemon, mango, orange, apple, pear, etc contain the dicotyledonous seeds.
2. Vegetative Reproduction
It is a form of reproduction in plants without seeds or spores. It can occur naturally or be induced by horticulturists. If the saplings are produced from the leaves, branches or roots, it is called vegetative reproduction. The total genetic quality of the parent plant can be obtained in the plants produced from vegetative reproduction.
a. Methods of Vegetative Reproduction:
i. Cutting:
The old branches of the plant are selected and the leaves, branches roots are cut in this method. The branches should be 10-45 cm long and 0.7 - 2.5 cm in diameter. The length and diameter can be different as per the fruit plants but there should be 2-3 buds in a cutting piece.
The cutting of deciduous fruit plants is done in dormant condition and the cutting of evergreen fruit plants Is done in the rainy or spring season. The cutting of the fruit plant should be planted in a nursery bed or in a box by burying its 2/3 part in the soil and in 60 angles.
Only a little water is needed to maintain the moisture level. Maximum humidity and 20°C temperature of the soil are best for the growth of the root.
The cutting of deciduous fruit plants is done in dormant condition and the cutting of evergreen fruit plants Is done in the rainy or spring season. The cutting of the fruit plant should be planted in a nursery bed or in a box by burying its 2/3 part in the soil and in 60 angles.
Only a little water is needed to maintain the moisture level. Maximum humidity and 20°C temperature of the soil are best for the growth of the root.
ii. Grafting:
This is a process in which a piece of living tissue from a shoot of a plant is attached to the stem or root system of another plant, resulting in the growth of a single new plant, This is one of the scientific miracles developed in the fruit science to reproduce plants from grafting.
Here, a new plant is produced by joining Rootstock and Scion(Rootstock is the lower part of grafting which provides roots to the grafted plant.
Scion is a living shoot or twig of a plant used for grafting to stock or upper part of the grafting. The scion bears the fruits later. The following things are necessary to make the grafting successful:
Here, a new plant is produced by joining Rootstock and Scion(Rootstock is the lower part of grafting which provides roots to the grafted plant.
Scion is a living shoot or twig of a plant used for grafting to stock or upper part of the grafting. The scion bears the fruits later. The following things are necessary to make the grafting successful:
1. The rootstock and scion should be attachable to each other.
2. The cambium layer of the rootstock and scion should be stuck properly.
3. The grafting should be done in an appropriate season when the cells the plant grows well.
4. We should not let the cut parts to dry after the grafting.
iii. The technique of Grafting:
a. Whip Grafting:
In whip grafting, the scion and the rootstock are cut with slant and then joined. The grafted point is then bound with tape and covered with soft wax to prevent dehydration and germs.
It is also called the whip and tongue graft as it is a method of grafting two plants by inserting the cut end of a scion into a similar cut in a rootstock and tying them securely together until they join. The process of joining is completed within 2-3 months, It is most useful in the apple tree.
It is also called the whip and tongue graft as it is a method of grafting two plants by inserting the cut end of a scion into a similar cut in a rootstock and tying them securely together until they join. The process of joining is completed within 2-3 months, It is most useful in the apple tree.
b. Splice Grafting
In this technique, the scion and rootstock are cut with slant and joined by tying them until they join properly.
c. Cleft Grafting:
In cleft grafting, a small straight cut is made in the rootstock and then the pointed end of the scion is inserted in the rootstock. The most common form of grafting is cleft grafting. This is useful for joining a thin scion of about 1 cm diameter to a thicker branch or stock.
It is better if the scion is about 10 cm long and with 3-4 buds. The grafted point should be bound with tape and covered with soft wax to prevent dehydration and germs. After 2-3 months new shoots of the plant will appear.
It is better if the scion is about 10 cm long and with 3-4 buds. The grafted point should be bound with tape and covered with soft wax to prevent dehydration and germs. After 2-3 months new shoots of the plant will appear.
d. Side Grafting:
This technique is applied in the young plants grown in the pot. A cut of about 3-4cm is made at the edge of the stock stem. The scion should be 10-12cm long. the scion is inserted in the cut of the stock. It is tied with the waxen thread.
e. Bark Grafting:
In this method, the stock is cut like a stump or log and the bark is peeled up to 5cm long from the top. Scions are inserted beneath the bark carefully. The scion is attached with small nails, 3-4 scions can be inserted in each stock. The scion should contain 2-3 buds.
f. Budding:
It uses a bud instead of a twig. Grafting roses is the most common example of bud grafting. In this method, a bud is removed from the parent plant and the base of the bud is inserted beneath the bark of the stem of the stalk plant from which the rest of the shoot has been cut.
This is grafting a bud from one variety onto the stem of another. It is applied in the citrus fruits and roses. There are 4 types of budding:
This is grafting a bud from one variety onto the stem of another. It is applied in the citrus fruits and roses. There are 4 types of budding:
i. Shield Budding: A bud is taken out in shield shape from the parent plant. A cut of the same size is made in the rootstock. The rootstock and the shield-shaped' bud are stuck properly. New shoots grow from such buds. This method is called shield budding.
il. T-budding: A bud is taken out from the parent plant. The bark of the rootstock is cut in the T-shape. The bud taken out from scion is joined in the T-shaped cut of the rootstock. This is called T-budding technology.
iii. Ring Budding: A 1-2cm long scion bud is taken out from the scion plant in a ring shape. The bark of the rootstock is also cut in the same length and the scion bud is joined with the rootstock. This is called ring budding.
iv. Patch Buddling: A rectangular, square or circular bud is taken out from the parent plant and joined in the rootstock in which the bark is also peeled in the same size. This is called patch budding.
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